Cultural Mechanism of Peace: The Indigenous Peacekeeping Practices among the Kankanaey in Mountain Province

Abstract

Although several studies have examined indigenous systems of justice in the Cordillera, further documentation is needed to capture the unique practices of specific groups such as the Kankanaey of Mountain Province. Much of the literature on crime and justice still gives greater emphasis to Western approaches that focus on punishment, resulting in less attention to indigenous mechanisms that highlight reconciliation and social harmony. This study addressed this gap by identifying and documenting the indigenous practices of the Kankanaey associated with peacekeeping and crime prevention, and by examining the cultural values and beliefs that sustain them. Using qualitative methods, particularly key informant interviews and focus group discussions, the study documented practices such as Bagbaga, Mandu, Tongtong, Sapata, Podong, Bantay, Mapaka-an, and Kawe. These were found to be rooted in collective responsibility, the leadership of elders, preservation of family honor, respect for spiritual beliefs, and the pursuit of communal harmony. The findings reveal that the Kankanaey justice system is restorative rather than punitive, prioritizing reconciliation, forgiveness, and the rebuilding of relationships. By documenting and analyzing these practices, the study concludes that indigenous justice systems remain relevant today as alternative models of conflict resolution that foster peace, prevent escalation of disputes, and strengthen community solidarity.